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References

JAOA—The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association requires references for all material derived from the work of others and to document statistical data. Cite all references in numerical order in the text, rather than alphabetizing bibliographic entries. In text, figure legends, and table footnotes, identify references with superscript Arabic numerals. If references are used as general source material from which no specific information is taken, list them in alphabetical order following the numbered references.

When referencing a journal article, include the names of the first six authors (followed by “et al” if there are any additional authors), the complete title of the article, name of the journal (use the abbreviations listed in Index Medicus or in the PubMed database), year of publication, volume number, inclusive page numbers, and, if available, direct URLs (uniform resource locators) to open-access articles. Authors must provide photocopies of journal articles that are not accessible through URLs.

When referencing a book, include the name(s) of the author(s), chapter title (if appropriate), name(s) of the editor(s), book title, edition number, name and location of the publisher, and year of publication. Provide page numbers for exact quotations. When multiple essays are used from a book—whether or not those essays have separate authors—separate reference citations are required. References to personal communication should be made within the text and not in the references section. Include the name, highest academic degree, form of communication (eg, oral, written), and the date of the correspondence. For example, “In a conversation with David M. Johnson, DO (September 2005)….”

Products and software should also be referenced within the text, listing the product name, the name of the company that produced the product, version of the product (if applicable), and the company’s location. For example, “InStat software suite (Version 4.00; GraphPad Software Inc, Sand Diego, Calif)….”

All authors are responsible for the accuracy and completeness of their reference citations and for the accuracy of reference attributions in text. Authors must also provide photocopies of any referenced materials upon request. In the instance that plagiarism is discovered, manuscripts will be automatically rejected, and authors may be barred from future submissions to the JAOA.

Before submitting manuscripts to the JAOA, authors must verify that all references appearing in the references section are numbered sequentially, appear in the text in that order, and are formatted according to the examples that follow. Manuscripts that do not conform to this format will be returned to the authors for correction before they are accepted for review by the JAOA.

PUBLISHED MATERIALS

• Journal
  Hilsenrath PE. Osteopathic medicine in transition: postmortem of the osteopathic medical center in Texas. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2006;106:558-561. Available at: http://www.jaoa.org/cgi/content/full/106/9/558. Accessed November 20, 2006.

  If the material referenced is a case report, editorial, letter, or review article, note the special department in brackets following the title.

  Felber ES. Botulinum toxin in primary care medicine [review]. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2006;106:609-614. Available at: http://www.jaoa.org/cgi/content/full/106/10/609. Accessed November 20, 2006.
  
  

• Supplement
  Aina Y, Susman JL. Understanding comorbidity with depression and anxiety disorders. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2006;106(suppl 2):S9-S14. Available at: http://www.jaoa.org/cgi/content/full/106/5_suppl_2/Cov2. Accessed November 20, 2006.
  
  

• Correction
  Anderson GB, Lucente T, Davis AM, Kappler, RE, Lipton JA, Leurgans S. A comparison of osteopathic spinal manipulation with standard care for patients with low back pain [published correction appears in N Engl J Med. 2000;342:817]. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1426-1431. Available at: http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/abstract/341/19/1426. Accessed November 20, 2006.
  
  

• Abstract
  Bertheau LR, Shubrook JH. Diabetes management in multiple extended care facilities in the midwest [abstract]. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2006;106:480-481. Abstract C07. Available at: http://www.jaoa.org/cgi/content/full/106/8/471. Accessed November 20, 2006.
  
  

• Book Chapter
  Parsons J, Marcer N. What is osteopathy? Towards a definition. In: Osteopathy: Models for Diagnosis, Treatment and Practice. Edinburgh, Scotland: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2006:3-15.
  
  Osler W. On the educational value of the medical society. In: Aequanimitas with Other Addresses to Medical Students, Nurses, and Practitioners of Medicine. Philadelphia, Pa: P Blakiston’s Son & Co; 1904.
  
  Osler W. The student life. In: Aequanimitas with Other Addresses to Medical Students, Nurses, and Practitioners of Medicine. Philadelphia, Pa: P Blakiston’s Son & Co; 1904.
  
  

• Web Site
  The Bioterrorism Act of 2002. Food and Drug Administration Web site. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/oc/bioterrorism/bioact.html. November 20, 2006.
  
  

• Web Page Featuring Formal Document With Title
  FDA expands use of herceptin for early stage breast cancer after primary therapy. US Food and Drug Administration Web site. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2006/NEW01511.html. Accessed November 20, 2006.
  
  

• Web Page Without Formal Document
  US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Office of Regulatory Affairs Import program. ORA import start page. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/ora/import. Accessed November 20, 2006.
  
  

• Web Page Featuring Document With Named Author(s)
  Junod SW. Drugs and biologics: safety and availability [US Food and Drug Administration Web site]. February 2006. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/oc/history/2006centennial/drugs-biologics.html. Accessed November 20, 2006.
  
  

• Web Page Featuring an Electronic Book
  Still AT. Autobiography of AT Still [e-book]. 1897. Electronic library: early American manual therapy page. Meridian Institute: Monterey, Calif; 2004. Available at: http://www.meridianinstitute.com/eamt/files/still3/st3cont.html. Accessed November 20, 2006.
  
  

• Thesis
  Kibuuka H. Religiosity and Attitudes on Intimacy: Implications for the HIV/AIDS Pandemic in Central Uganda (Immune Deficiency) [master’s thesis]. Pittsburgh, Pa: Duquesne University; 2005.
  
  

• Dissertation
  Starkweather AR. The Effect of Anti-Depressant Therapy on Psychological Stress and Cytokines in Lumbar Herniated Disc Patients: Implications for Quality of Life [dissertation]. Chicago, Ill: Loyola University; 2005.
  
  

• Presentation
  Bartkowski DP, Bonder NT. Surgical care in the 21st century, Unified Osteopathic Convention, Orlando, Fla, 22 October 2005. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2005;105:545-549. Available at: http://www.jaoa.org/cgi/content/full/105/12/545. Accessed November 20, 2006.

UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS

• Presentation
  Nichols K. The combined osteopathic match: is it an idea whose time has come? Paper presented at: The Osteopathic Heritage Foundation Educational Summit; January 27, 2006; Chicago, Ill.
  
  

• In Press (accepted but not yet published material)
  Snider KT, Johnson JC, Snider EJ, Degenhardt BF. Increased incidence and severity of somatic dysfunction in chronic low back pain. J Am Osteopath Assoc. In press.

[Updated January 10, 2007, AKD]