The types of clinical questions practitioners can ask are examined and a hierarchy of how to search for the best and most authoritative evidence is provided.
The concepts of randomization, blinding, and concealment are discussed to help physicians determine an article's validity. Instruction on calculating relative risk reduction, absolute risk reduction, and number needed to treat is provided and applied to a clinical scenario.
The concepts of study population homogeneity, reference and criterion standards, and study completeness are discussed to help physicians determine an article's validity. Instruction on calculating prevalence, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and likelihood ratios is provided and applied to a clinical scenario. Study generalizability and the role of patient values, expectations, and concerns are also addressed.
The concepts of equal treatment and sufficient follow-up periods are discussed to help physicians determine an article's validity. Instruction on calculating odds ratios, relative risk, absolute risk increase, and the number needed to harm is provided and applied to a clinical scenario.
The concept of study population homogeneity, sufficient follow-up periods, and study completeness are further discussed to help physicians determine an article's validity. Instruction on how to evaluate confidence intervals is provided.
The concepts introduced earlier in this series of six articles are applied to the critical appraisal of clinical practice guidelines. The skills learned from appraising clinical practice guidelines in the manner outlined provides a solid basis for life-long learning and improved patient care.
During the American Osteopathic Association's 112th Annual Convention and Scientific Seminar in San Diego, Calif, the AOA will sponsor its 51st Annual Research Conference with a theme of "Chronic Disorders of Aging in the 21st Century: New Insight and Approaches." The conference will run from Sunday, September 30, 2007, to Tuesday, October 2, 2007.
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