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1. a, cervical. As shown in Figure 2 of the December 2005 original contribution by Licciardone et al, only the cervical region was included in group I, which represents anatomic regions with the highest burden of somatic dysfunction—primarily attributable to high prevalence of somatic dysfunction. The remaining response options were included in either group II or group III.
   
2. c, As shown in Table 3 of the article by Licciardone et al, patients taking analgesics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, or muscle relaxants had a more than twofold increase in the likelihood of receiving osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) than all other groups analyzed. Older patients and men were less likely than younger patients and women to receive OMT. Immediately after providing OMT to their patients, investigators always reported that patients' somatic dysfunction either improved or resolved.
   
3. a, true. Augmented reality, robotic surgery, and virtual reality are all currently being used in the practice of surgery.
   
4. b, Although researchers are interested in the application of bronchoscopy, cystoscopy, and gastroscopy, colonoscopy is the type of virtual endoscopy that is currently receiving the greatest level of scrutiny in clinical trials and research into this kind of surgical intervention. Clinical results of virtual colonoscopy indicate that it approaches or surpasses the usefulness of other types of diagnostic techniques for the colon.
   
5. a, Augmented reality allows surgeons to superimpose preoperative scans from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with scans from intraoperative MRI during surgery. Preoperative planning takes place before surgery. Surgical simulation aids in training and rehearsal for surgical procedures. Telesurgery, or remote surgery, is the application of robotic surgery across geographic distances. Virtual reality refers to simulations of real or imagined environments that can be explored interactively at a computer.
   
6. c, 2001. Surgeons performed telesurgery on a human patient for the first time in September 2001. Using this new technology, surgeons in New York City conducted a laparoscopic cholecystectomy on a 68-year-old patient in Strasbourg, France.
   
7. a, true. Since 1985, the majority of new osteopathic medical residents have received their postgraduate training in allopathic institutions under the auspices of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education.
   
8. b, Differences in the level of use of OMT among osteopathic physicians seem mainly to reflect their experiences during residency training. The results of the authors' survey suggest that the less frequent use of OMT by residents in Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education–accredited programs may be related to environmental barriers to the use of OMT during their residency training.
   

	Footnotes

 
Discussion answers to JAOA continuing medical education quizzes appear only when authors have included a discussion with the quiz questions and answers they must provide to meet the requirement for submission to and publication in JAOA.

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